What is the predominant direction of human expansion in Europe?

The predominant direction of human expansion in Europe has historically been from east to west. This pattern aligns with the migrations, trade routes, and the spread of civilizations throughout various periods, particularly during the transition from the ancient and medieval periods into modern times.

The east to west movement includes the migration of various groups, such as the movement of peoples from Central and Eastern Europe into Western Europe, where urbanization and industrial development occurred at a faster pace. Additionally, trade and exploration often moved westward towards the Atlantic during significant historical events like the Age of Exploration.

Understanding this historical context helps to elucidate why east to west is the correct answer, while the other options do not accurately represent the broader trends of human movement, settlement patterns, and cultural exchange that shaped Europe’s demographic evolution over centuries.